Indonesia’s decentralized system allowed local Perda Syariah (Sharia bylaws). In 2016, 40 districts required female students to wear the jilbab —a direct violation of national education ministry rules that prohibit forced veiling. The Constitutional Court has repeatedly ruled that dress codes are school-level policies, not national mandates. Yet in Padang, West Sumatra, non-veiled Muslim girls are turned away from public schools.