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In public policy, the currently dominates. Most countries have animal cruelty laws, but none grant animals fundamental constitutional rights. However, the rights model is growing in influence, driving the rapid rise of plant-based foods, the end of circuses with wild animals, and new "personhood" cases in courts.
Welfarism is utilitarian. It asks: Does the animal experience more pleasure than pain? If the balance is positive, the system is ostensibly justified. This leads to what philosopher Bernard Rollin calls the "welfarist paradox." We can create extremely humane conditions for egg-laying hens (enriched cages with perches, nests, and scratching areas), yet ultimately, those hens are still killed when their egg production declines. Welfare improves the journey but accepts the destination. In public policy, the currently dominates